How Does The Brain Malfunctions Affect The Justice System

Throughout history, there have been many misjudgments, mistakes, and wrongful accusations toward people from various different factors. A great deal of controversy has been directed towards the criminal justice system in which scientists pose questions on whether or not the procedures are valid. It is imperative to understand how the brain malfunctions regarding to memory reconstruction, encoding failures, and other environmental factors that negatively impact the justice system. One of the procedures called lineups or photo arrays are used in order to have eyewitnesses identify a subject guilty of a crime. In the lineups, subjects are lined up while the accuser has to choose an individual that they believe committed the crime. Using the same idea with the photo arrays, the victim will choose from a set of pictures of subjects (Weir, 2016). Many scientists question the validity of eyewitnesses because of all these factors that impact memories. This has lead to a substantial am ount of wrongfully convicted individuals by the eyewitness which is a huge issue in the system (Weir, 2016). It is crucial to be knowledgeable of the factors that can impede memory. The person that actually committed the crime should be held responsible for their actions, not only for justice, but for the safety of others as well. There are many factors to consider when psychologists and scientists are trying to figure out reliability of eyewitness testimony. The ability to recall orShow MoreRelatedThe Rational Choice and Biological Trait Theories Essay1748 Words   |  7 Pagesthe justice departments would actually look at the persons thought processes and reasoning before a crime is committed, the justice departments will be able to answer the reason for the crime. The different departments could possibly figure out why the criminal did what they did in the first. For instance, they should use a couple of criminology theories to help them with certain cases that are more diffi cult than the rest. The theories that the justice departments should use in their systems areRead MoreThe Harmful Effects Of Genetically Modified Foods2292 Words   |  10 PagesCorporations continue to ignore the serious physiological effects of genetically modified foods, and pollution in water. In the 21st century, governments and corporations must be held accountable, which range from cancer, brain damage, clinical depression to criminal activities. Continued lack of political will and the prevalence of concern for profit over health is unethical. Majority of the working class in America working minimum wage and cannot afford health care to cure their illness. The lackRead MoreEssay on Problems of Drug Addictions3148 Words   |  13 Pageshave been a major issue for society for much of the 20th century. Drugs are something that effect everyone, regardless of race or financial standing. They not only affect the user but also how are society is shaped. There are literally hundr eds of drugs currently available. All seemingly have the same affect on the user and no matter how potent or illicit, they effect the body and mind negatively. Besides these negative effects, there is the financial aspect that has affected users through many generationsRead MoreMedical Center, Department Of Behavioral Health And Psychiatry Essay2226 Words   |  9 PagesAddiction Services, Geropsychiatry, Adolescent Residential Program, HIV Services, Developmental Disabilities, School Based Services and Justice-Involved Services. Section 2 A person-environment approach is utilized during the intake interview. A thorough inventory is taken which regards a new client’s psychological, social and biological state of being and how their relationships and environment is affecting them and vice versa. New patients are initially evaluated to determine if there is a crisisRead MoreThe Effects Of Fetal Alcohol Syndrome On Infants3388 Words   |  14 Pages Professor Sandmire Bio 440 30 April 2015 The Effects of Fetal Alcohol Syndrome on Infants Abstract Fetal alcohol syndrome is caused when women during their pregnancy drink alcohol and cause developmental problems that can affect the fetus and infant for the rest of his or her life. Fetal alcohol syndrome can cause facial abnormalities, mental retardation, and a significant decrease in overall growth of the fetus.1 There are numerous studies about prevalence of fetal alcohol syndrome, and itsRead MoreThe Future of Designer Babies Essay2383 Words   |  10 Pagesoffice where they are greeted by a fertility specialist, who then sets them in front of a computer. Here, the couple is able to scroll through various traits and characteristics, then mix and match them onto a computer generated infant so they can see how their chosen attributes will look when paired together. The man and woman decide on a baby boy with cornsilk blonde hair and emerald green eyes. Their future son will grow to 6 feet tall with an athletic build, have a genius IQ, and a predispositionRead More The Impact and History of Learning Disorders on Children Essay5477 Words   |  22 PagesThe Impact and History of Learning Disorders on Children In his 1954 majority opinion in Brown v. Board, Chief Justice Warren laid out concisely the fundamental role that education would play in postwar America: â€Å"Today, education is perhaps the most important function of state and local governments. Compulsory school attendance laws and the great expenditures for education both demonstrate our recognition of the importance of education to our democratic society. 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The way surgeries are being performed has changed as well. Having robots in our surgery rooms are becoming a thing of the past. The thought of a robotic device performingRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 Pagespublishing as Prentice Hall. All rights reserved. Manufactured in the United States of America. This publication is protected by Copyright, and permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. To obtain permission(s) to use material from this work, please s ubmit a written request to Pearson Education, Inc., Permissions Department

Iran Awakening - 3027 Words

Jessica Muhr May 2nd, 2012 History of the Middle East â€Å"Iran Awakening† â€Å"One Woman’s Journey to Reclaim Her Life and Country† This book, â€Å"Iran Awakening†, is a novel written by Nobel laureate Shirin Ebadi. Ebadi weaves the story of her life in a very personal and unique way, telling the account of the overthrow of the shah and the establishment of a new, religious fundamentalist regime in which opposition to the government are imprisoned, tortured, and murdered. By simply reading the Prologue, one can see the love Ebadi has for Iran and her people. This love that Ebadi has for the oppressed of Iran is a theme that appears throughout the book and seems to be a large factor behind her drive to stand up for those who cannot stand up for†¦show more content†¦By the summer of 1978, protests had grown larger, making it impossible to avoid them. In early August, a crowded cinema in Abadan was burned to the ground. This horrific event burned 400 people alive. The shah blamed this event on religious conservatives; Khomeini accused the SAVAK, the regime’s secret police, which was a force o f legendary brutality against the government’s opponents. This tragedy pushed many Iranians against the shah. They now realized that the shah was not merely an American puppet. Ebadi herself says that she was ‘drawn’ to the opposition. She says that it did not seem a contradiction for her, an educated professional woman, to back it (Ebadi, 33). She had no idea that she was backing her own eventual defeat. Ebadi uses something close to irony as she describes a morning when she and several judges and officials stormed into the minister of justice’s office. The minister was not there, instead a startled elder judge sat behind the desk. â€Å"He looked up at us in amazement and his gaze halted when he saw my face. â€Å"You! You of all people, why are you here?† he asked, bewildered and stern. â€Å"Don’t you know that you’re supporting people who will take away your job if they come to power?† â€Å"I’d rather be a free I ranian than an enslaved attorney,† IShow MoreRelatedThe Modern Middle East641 Words   |  3 PagesThe Modern Middle East Student’s Name University The Modern Middle East The Middle East is a region of Western Asia and Egypt; some of the countries in this region are Turkey, Saudi Arabia, Iran, and Iraq. According to Anderson, Seibert Wagner (2006), this region is of vast geo-economic importance and since ancient times, it has been a center of world affairs. This part matters to almost all superpowers. The geographic factors that contribute to theRead MoreThe Promotion Of The Westphalian System At The Core Of1683 Words   |  7 Pagesnations principles and destiny selfish interests, those nations are saying the same in regard to American principles. For example, in 2013 the Supreme Leader of the Islamic Republic of Iran, Ayatollah Ali Khamenei, declared an â€Å"Islamic Awakening† also known as â€Å"Arab Spring† (Kissinger, p. 146). Khamenei believed this awakening was opening the door to a global religion and â€Å"through religious faith, knowledge, ethic and constant struggle, Islamic civilization can gift advanced thought a nd noble codes of behaviorRead MoreThe Long Historical Journey Of Lebanon s Shia Community753 Words   |  4 Pagesattained global identity in the 1980s, 5 years after Hezbollah was founded in 1975, with military operations carried out opposing the Israeli occupation in Lebanon, and the beginning of Hezbollah s relationship with Syria and the Islamic republic of Iran ever since. 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In pastRead MoreThe Greatest Revolution Of Iran1365 Words   |  6 PagesThe history of Iran is filled with revolutions but the last major revolution in 1979 is the scariest because it has changed Iran from a modern ally for much of the world to a heavily sanctioned enemy. Altering Iran s future militarily, economically, and diplomatically. The 1979 revolution was a series of protest and unrest in the country aimed at getting rid of the Pahlavi dynasty. Mohammad Reza Shah was the second and last Shah from the Pahlavi Dynasty. Mohammad Reza tried to lead the country toRead MoreThe Violence Of Iranian Youth1782 Words   |  8 Pagesthrough tools such as social media and blogs. Because original and different thoughts are welcomed and the utilization of freedom of speech, American s are able to speak their minds and stand up for what they believe in. However, this is not the case in Iran. Iranians are highly oppressed and forced into inhumane circumstances by their government. Their youth is continuously being watched to insure their clothing and hairstyles are acceptable and if they are even affiliated with a protest, they could beRead MoreThe Study Of Gender Inequality2827 Words   |  12 PagesThe Study of Gender Inequality in Islamic Iran Early in the term I read the book Iran Awakening by Shirin Ebadi and grew fascinated with her account of life in Iran before, during, and after the Islamic Revolution. In this touching memoir, she describes the 1979 revolutionary takeover of Ayatollah Khomeini, who overthrew the shah and established an Islamic State, fusing together religious and political life. The result was a unique combination of theocratic and democratic authority, completely unprecedentedRead MoreThe Internet And The World Wide Web1490 Words   |  6 Pagestaking place in countries such as Egypt, Libya and Tunisia, not what news published. The revolution was successful due to the influence of digital technology and the spread of western culture. 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The Iranian threat has recently elevated to an alarming level: Iran has threatened to close the Strait of Hormuz if imposed oil sanctions harm Iran’s economy. This shutdown has unfavorable implications for global consumers, as it would isolate a key crude and petroleum source from the rest of the world (USA). Also American military officials have declared that if Iran closes the strait, the American military would use force, possibly airstrikes, to reopen it (Bumiller

Federal v. State Power free essay sample

As citizens of the United States we exist under a federal system of government. There are different levels of the system, each cooperating with the next and each having some form of formal authority over the people. The age long argument has been: â€Å"more state power is most effective – no, more federal power is most effective†. There are also those who believe that an equal cooperation between both state and federal governments, our current way of separating power, is the most effective. So where should the line be drawn and which is most effective? The Constitution gave us a basic outline for how we should run our government. The bottom line is cooperative federalism – powers and policy assignments are shared between states and the national government and they may also share costs, administration, and even blame for programs that work poorly (Edwards 81). The idea of cooperative federalism has raised an important question: Where do the boundaries of national government end and where do the boundaries of state governments begin? The tenth amendment has somewhat of an answer to where the state boundaries begin. It says that if a state is not given a power directly by the constitution but is not prohibited from using that power then it is the state’s right to use and regulate that power. As for the boundaries of the national government, the supreme court case of McCulloch v. Maryland gives a good example. In 1791 the government established a national bank. This bank could print money and make loans as well as a number of other banking responsibilities. Many people who believed that the government should have a limited amount of control over the economy were opposed to the idea of a national bank. Eventually the government stopped funding the bank, but not long after came the second national bank. Out of defiance to the bank, the state of Maryland passed a law taxing the Baltimore branch $15,000 a year which it refused to pay. Maryland decided to sue the branch’s cashier, James McCulloch, and after the state’s law was upheld McCulloch took the case to the Supreme Court. Chief Justice John Marshall ruled in favor of the bank on the grounds that Congress has certain implied powers and that because of these implied powers creating a national bank was perfectly acceptable. Just like the state governments, the powers of the national government are not always clear and can be interpreted rather narrowly or quite broadly. In Article 1 Section 8 of the constitution the powers of congress are specifically listed-enumerated powers-but this section of the constitution also includes the â€Å"necessary and proper clause† This clause states that Congress may create any laws or policies it sees fit to apply the powers specifically spelled out. Going hand-in-hand with implied powers and the â€Å"necessary and proper clause† is the commerce clause. The commerce clause gives congress the right to regulate commerce. Commerce can be defined today as the movement of goods, radio signals, electricity, telephone messages, the internet, insurance transactions, and more (Edwards 77). Congress regulates the movement of all of these between the U. S and foreign nations, between states, and between Indian Tribes. With an extremely broad definition of commerce people have become concerned with how much power the national government actually has. Contributing to this concern are grants-in-aid and unfunded mandates. Grants-in-aid are grants given to state government from the federal government to aid in different programs and projects. Concern arises because grants often come with strings attached and sometimes are not given to states until they fulfill certain requirements (this would be an example of a mandate). Sometimes the government passes a law and expects states to follow that law and fund it without help from the government; this is an unfunded mandate. The federal government often uses grants-in-aid and unfunded mandates to have more control over what happens within the states which is where the concern of cooperation and boundaries comes from. In addition to the different components of federalism, there are pieces of legislature that also make people question whether more, less, or the same amount of power to the states is most effective. Among these pieces of legislature are the Affordable Care Act and the Clean Air Act. The Affordable Care Act, or Obamacare, was designed to make health insurance more readily available and more affordable. Obamacare, has two key components: an individual mandate and Medicaid expansion. People who do not have health insurance, either through their employer or personally, are required to purchase health care before 2014. Anyone who does not follow this mandate will be required to pay a â€Å"shared responsibility payment† to the Federal government. As of right now Medicaid covers pregnant women, children, needy families, the blind, the elderly, and the disabled. Obamacare would expand this by requiring states to provide care to adults with incomes up to 133 percent of the federal poverty level. This act also increases the amount of money states will receive for this mandate. In the case that a state does not follow the Medicaid expansion it may lose all funding for both the requirements and Medicaid. The Clean Air Act regulates the amount of pollutants floating in the air, the amount of pollutants released by industrial and mobile sources, and the types of fines and sanctions levied against pollution violators (Potoski 335). The environmental protection agency allows states to take responsibility of the requirements in their state and as long as they follow the minimum requirements the state will receive funding from the government. If a state does not comply with the minimum standards for clean air, the Clean Air Act will become an unfunded mandate just the same as Obamacare would become an unfunded mandate. Where Obamacare and the Clean Air Act are concerned, policymaking is most effective through state and federal cooperation. First and foremost if a state decided not to follow the requirements of expanding Medicaid, the burden of an unfunded mandate would rest on the shoulders of its citizens and its government. The same would go for the Clean Air Act. This may even be worse considering the point of the Clean Air Act is to keep our air clean. Without the cooperation of the states we don’t have clean air and without clean air we have sickness and unhealthy conditions for our citizens. This being said cooperation is extremely important between the levels of government. If the federal government were to have more control, at least where these policies are concerned, there is the potential danger of the government issuing these policies and not providing funding for them because they don’t want to spend the money or they want to show how powerful they are or for whatever reason. In the event that this happens the states are stuck with a pretty large burden of making sure that they have enough money to meet the standards of Medicaid expansion and the clean air act. In the case that states had more power, inconsistency would become a reality. Every state is different. They want different things and not all are willing to meet the same standards. If enough inconsistency occurs and each state creates different standards for their policies, there’s almost no point to having the federal government because states start to believe themselves to be independent. With all of that being said, policymaking is most effective through state and federal cooperation. With more power to one or the other we lose sight of a democracy. Our country was designed on the basis of cooperative federalism. We wouldn’t be the United States anymore without the federal government, without the states, or with one having more power over the other. Our system of checks and balances provides us with an effective way of accomplishing our goals and staying united. Federalism In America

The attack on Pearl Harbor

Introduction On the morning of December 7th, 1941, the Japanese made an attack on the United States naval base at Pearl Harbor. It was an unprovoked attack which caught them by surprise. This attack is known to have been a major cause of America’s entry into World War II. Following this attack, America declared war on Japan. This attack is considered to have been highly unethical. It was an uninformed attack without any formal warning by Japan. It was conducted while negotiations between the two countries were still under discussion.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on The attack on Pearl Harbor specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This attack resulted in a lot of damage and significant loss of life. Statistics report that 2,402 men were killed and 1,282 were wounded (USSWestVirginia 2000). The Japanese carried out a series of simultaneous attacks. â€Å"They hit the American ships, military installations, milit ary airfields, the fleet at Pearl Harbor and many others† (Navy.mil 1991). Through these sudden and simultaneous attacks the Japanese aimed to destroy the US planes before they could fight back or defend themselves. The immense damage that the Americans suffered included the destruction of approximately 200 aircrafts and four navy battleships were sunk. On the other hand, Japan’s losses were much lighter with only around 65 fatalities. Ethical Issue This attack was also unethical in the context that Japan did not attack the US pacific fleet with the aim of a direct war with them. This was only a preventative measure they took to make sure that the Japanese could carry out their plans against East Asia, China, and United Kingdom without military interference from the US. Hence, all this destruction and loss of life was merely collateral damage. This uninformed attack identified Japan as treacherous and deceitful. Outcome The outcome of this attack was that the very next day America declared war on Japan. All Americans united with their allies and just one attack changed the course of the war. It led to the internment of the Japanese in the western United States. This was the exclusion and detention of people with Japanese descent. This gave rise to strong anti-Japanese sentiments and hostility towards them. The most important and drastic outcome of this event was the bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki by America (History.com 2011). These unimaginable bombings marked the beginning of the nuclear age. On the 6th of August, 1945 America conducted its first nuclear bombing on the city of Hiroshima. The bomb named â€Å"little boy† was dropped on the city. Within seconds of this bombing, â€Å"around 30% of the total population of the city was killed instantly and around 70,000 were injured severely† (Truman 1945).Advertising Looking for report on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn Mor e All that was left of the city was just a scar in the ground and monstrous grey clouds of smoke emitting from it. â€Å"Practically all living things, human and animal, were literally burnt to death,†Ã‚  (Truman 1945). By the end of the year, deaths resulting from the after effects of this explosion reached up to around 166,000. While Japan was still awestruck by this explosion, on the morning of August 9th, a second bomb was dropped on the city of Nagasaki. This bomb resulted in instant causalities ranging from 40,000 to 75,000 people. It also released large amounts of deadly radiation that spread all across the city and its surrounding areas. This was the outcome of the attack on Pearl Harbor. These bombings initiated the nuclear age; it was the first time the world had witnessed this. After the bombing the American president Harry S Truman stated in his press release â€Å"The Japanese began the war from the air at Pearl Harbor, They have been repaid many folds† (Truman 1945). This statement of the president clearly implied that he believed the bombings were the correct way of avenging the attack at Pearl Harbor. He was in fact proud of it. If one considered the loss of life and destruction caused by Pearl Harbor to be brutal then it is obvious that the devastation caused by these bombings was far worse. Not only were there numerous immediate deaths but the radiation also caused a lot of diseases like cancer, birth retardations and other abnormalities. Japan chose to surrender after the second bombing. If this decision hadn’t been made there were more bombings planned against them. This attack was conducted at a much greater scale than that made by the Japanese. Many innocent civilians were killed. Generations suffered because of the after effects of radiation from the bombs. While, Japan had targeted American security forces and equipment in their attacks, these bombings targeted the cities as a whole killing blameless people. Innoc ent women and children lost their lives. Countless buildings including hospitals and schools were destroyed. This event was historically the most unethical and immoral ending to a war. The intensity and horror of it was so great that no other nuclear attack ever took place after the Hiroshima and Nagasaki bombings (Crane 2005). Till date these are the only nuclear activities to have taken place. Alternate Outcome An alternate outcome to this could have been that the American government could have planned humanely. They might have targeted the security forces like Japan had done, and kept innocent civilians out of this. The bombs were used on too large a scale which was not necessary.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on The attack on Pearl Harbor specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More However, if bombing felt like the correct thing to do based on the circumstances at the time, the Japanese could have been given some kind of warning for resident evacuation from the areas. The nation was unaware of the intensity of these bombs since it was the first time they had been used. The Americans themselves were not certain of the outcome, yet they still carried out the operation. It was stated that these bombings were carried out to put an end to World War II. If that was the case then other less destructive means could have been considered (Seligmann 2008). Most importantly, if the US was trying to highlight its hegemonic power in this war, the bombing at Hiroshima had caused enough devastation to prove it, a second bombing at Nagasaki was not necessary. This could have saved hundreds and thousands of lives, it could have prevented the numerous diseases that resulted as a consequence of the deadly radiation. And it was after witnessing the supremacy of these nuclear attacks that other countries started investing in nuclear technology and now numerous nations’ posses it. Sustainability In both these in cidents, sustainability of the target nation was not considered as it should have been. In the case of Pearl Harbor, an unannounced series of simultaneous attacks from the Japanese caused passionate feelings of dislike to arise against them. This resulted in incarceration of the Japanese Americans living in the West Coast. The anti-Japanese sentiments resulted in mass removal and imprisonment of them. There was no criterion as to who should be exiled. All Japanese Americans were forced to leave their homes and were sent to camps. Even the loyal and patriotic Japanese-Americans were not given any partiality. In some instances they were deported (Hiroshima Peace Memorial Museum 1999). Those Japanese descents that had been American natives for a long time and were dedicated to the country deserved to have been shown respect and tolerance. The deporting of American national Japanese community highlighted the aspect of racism. Some were so disturbed by the behavioral changes in the socie ty due to Pearl Harbor that they left the country by choice. However, in 1944 a number of Japanese Americans were selected to serve in the military and intelligence services. The selection was based on merit and those who met the requirements were given positions.Advertising Looking for report on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More List of References Crane, Conrad C. 2005. The Atomic Bomb [online] available from http://www.pbs.org/thewar/detail_5234.htm Hiroshima Peace Memorial Museum. 1999. The Spirit of Hiroshima: An Introduction to the Atomic Bomb Tragedy. Hiroshima: Hiroshima Peace Memorial Museum. History.com. 2011. Bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki [Online] Available from http://www.history.com/topics/bombing-of-hiroshima-and-nagasaki Navy.mil .1991. Overview of the Pearl Harbor attack, 7 December 1941. [Online] Available from http://www.history.navy.mil/faqs/faq66-1.htm Patel, D. 2007. Hibakush [Online] Available from http://www.associatedcontent.com/article/431254/hibakusha_victims_of_the_atomic_bombings.html?cat=37 Seligmann, M. 2008. The alternatives to bombing Hiroshima were not morally superior. [Online] Available from http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2008/aug/15/nuclear.japan Truman, H. August 1945. Atomic bombings of Hiroshima press release [Online] Available from http://americanhistory.abou t.com/od/worldwarii/a/presshiroshima.htm USS West Virginia. 2000. Pearl Harbor causality list [Online] Available from http://www.usswestvirginia.org/ph/phlist.php This report on The attack on Pearl Harbor was written and submitted by user Julissa C. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.